Part III: Drone Research Report
(Seven)
Development of drones in countries around the world
Russia and Israel
Russia
Russian card-137 unmanned helicopter
The Soviet Union established a development reserve for drones as early as the 1960s and 1970s. A multi-purpose unmanned helicopter developed by the Kamov helicopter science and technology complex in Russia in the 1990s - the Ka-137 unmanned helicopter . The Card-137 is popular with the troops for its small size and flexible operation. The Russian Navy has also discovered its outstanding features, and it is considered to be suitable for small surface ships and even submarines. It also has great potential for development on these platforms.
For the first time, look at the card -137. If you ignore the rotor, you might use it as a satellite. Its spherical body is a strange thing in the world of drones. However, the "heart" of the card-137 and the weapon of the home are in this spherical body. Its spherical body is divided into two functional parts. The upper part of the "heart" has a Hirth 2706R05 two-stroke piston engine with a power of 48.5 kW, as well as fuel, control systems and altimeters and satellite navigation systems. The automatic flight digital control system and airborne inertial satellite navigation system here ensure that the Card-137 can perform many complex automated missions.
The lower half of the device mission system places payloads and various sensors, such as television or infrared camera systems, radio positioning devices, and signal transmission devices, depending on the application and task. It can carry a total of 80 kg payload. The Card-137 features a coaxial double-rotor structure and a four-legged landing gear. Its rotor diameter is 5.3 meters, the spherical body has a maximum diameter of 1.3 meters, the machine height is 2.3 meters, the empty weight is 200 kilograms, and the maximum takeoff weight is 280 kilograms.
The Card-137 UAV and PPU-137 ground mobile control station and carrier constitute the MBVK-137 UAV system. The body has electromagnetic shielding and anti-corrosion function, and can prevent high-intensity radiation, which is also the characteristic of the card-137. It can be operated by ship, can fly completely autonomously, and automatically navigates within 60 meters of accuracy. It has a maximum flight speed of 175 km / h, a cruising speed of 145 km / h, a hovering ceiling of 2,900 m, a maximum ceiling of 5,000 m, a maximum range of 530 km and a battery life of 4 hours. The card-137 is suitable for military and civilian use, and has a multi-purpose length. Task conversion can be realized by reorganizing multi-tasking sensors. It shows its strength in border patrols, field reconnaissance, radiation and biochemical reconnaissance, ecological monitoring, oil and gas pipeline monitoring, forest fire prevention, natural disaster monitoring and fishery monitoring.
But then the situation changed.
Russia has gradually fallen behind the world's advanced countries in the development and production of drones. At present, dozens of companies and design bureaus in Russia are engaged in research and development of small drones to varying degrees. Most of them are self-developed with enthusiasm and passion. Good design and production genres have been formed in the regions of St. Petersburg, Moscow, Kazan and Izhevsk. Many of the drones developed in these places are not only inferior to the best similar models in foreign countries, but some of them are better than the latter. This is often because Russians are good at finding the easiest way to solve complex problems. At present, Russia's best drones include "sea eagle", "ail wing", "swallow" and "蜻蜓".
UAVs developed by foreign countries for action in certain climatic conditions are sometimes not available in Russia. Israeli drones, which are world-renowned for electronic components and procedures, perform well in the southern latitudes, but may not be suitable for flying in typical Russian low temperatures. There is very little warmth in winter in Russia. Here you can recall the painful experience of Hitler’s generals: they complained that “General Winter†had frozen their technical equipment and caused their “blitzkrieg†to burst under Moscow.
Since then, Russia's climate has not changed much, and winter has not become more moderate. For example, according to the Hydrometeorological Center, on February 2, 2012, the temperature in most of Russia's territory was minus 20 to minus 50 degrees Celsius.
It is also important to note that foreign manufacturers’ airborne equipment is limited to optical surveillance systems and is not eager to sell modern airborne radar, electronic reconnaissance and electronic warfare systems for military drones to Russia. This problem is particularly real because Russia is located in the northern latitudes and often has cloudy and precipitation weather. A climate analysis of major Russian cities confirms this conclusion.
Therefore, the drones equipped with optical reconnaissance equipment are much less profitable in the Russian latitude than the Persian Gulf region. The military in developed countries attaches great importance to the development of high-altitude all-weather systems capable of carrying large loads (various electronic devices) and detailed reconnaissance of the ground and targets through thick clouds. Russia must take this into account when determining the priority direction of drones. If you only equip your troops with small drones that carry optical payloads or large "unfinder" type drones that only carry camera and camera equipment, we may pay a high price in the case of rain, snow, and snowstorms. We can't get intelligence.
If Russia wants to restore the drone tradition of the motherland, it needs to rebuild the design genre, care for the absorption of young cadres, and more broadly attract future small businesses into the field. Simply assembling an imported drone can't solve these problems. Russia's ability and potential in the development and production of drones has become one of the world's second-rate countries targeting imported equipment. In the world of small drones, China and India are also actively working with traditional “playersâ€. Unfortunately, there is no Russian figure.
In recent years, the Russian armed forces have done a lot of work in researching the domestic drone market. Streamlined constructive work dialogues with leaders and representatives of drone development companies.
Within the framework of this important work, in the fall of 2010, several domestic Russian short-range drone tests were launched. The main result of these tests is to draw a conclusion: Russia has a good reserve in the field of drones, and with the corresponding organizational and economic support measures, it can start supplying domestic drones to the troops in a short period of time.
Russian drone performance comparison table
Israel
Israel, which regards the military industry as a national strategic development industry, has made large-scale investments in the field of high-efficiency UAV research and development. At present, Israel is continuously expanding the drone market as part of its leading export-oriented military development strategy.
Unlike the United States, which is engaged in military operations on the global stage, Israel attaches great importance to the development of cyber surveillance capabilities of drones and small-scale attack capabilities of "when". Because of this, Israel has developed rapidly in the field of UAV systems and their application concepts for attacking small targets. In other words, Israel is paying more attention to the development of drones below the long long-haul (MALE) than the high-altitude long-haul (HALE) drones.
Israeli drone
Israel's MALE-class drones have maximized tactical surveillance capabilities through multiple technologies. Because these drones can meet the operational performance requirements (ROC) of the purchasing country at the same time as the low price, many countries such as the United States, Britain, Germany, France, Russia, China, and South Korea have introduced and used Israel’s Man-machine.
From the development stage, Israel has targeted the export, so Israeli drones are very economical in terms of application. Israel's Expendable UAV, Hand-launch UAV and other attack drones are widely welcomed by countries because of their small size, simple structure, strong attack power, good concealment performance and low cost.
At present, the practicality and economy of the drones developed by Israel, such as Scout, Pioneer, Hunter, Searcher, Heron, Harpy, Hermes, Skylark, Skylite, etc., have been widely recognized by countries all over the world, and these drones are based on Israel. Developed by technology. It can be said that the Israeli drone has obvious advantages in certain fields and has become a hot commodity in the international arms market.
Israel has also made breakthroughs in micro-UAVs . The Israel Aerospace Industries Micro Robotics Laboratory has developed a “mechanical butterfly†micro-aircraft (see photo).
Israel has also studied the fixed-wing ship-borne drones, and has developed Pioneer and Scout. In addition, Israel is actively promoting international joint research and development projects for drones. Through joint research and development, drone technology has been jointly improved, and international competitiveness has also been enhanced.
"Hermes" 900 drone
Israel's Elbit Systems announced in 2013 a variant of the Hermes 900 UAV system for missions at sea. The Hermes 900 UAV used by the Navy can carry a load of 350 kilograms and has satellite communication capability with a maximum flight distance of 1852 kilometers. The payloads carried by the aircraft include maritime surveillance radars, automatic identification systems, photoelectric multi-sensor loads and electronic reconnaissance systems.
The Hermes 900 UAV used by the Navy is designed to monitor wide-area maritime areas and serves as a satellite communication link and radio communication relay node to enable mutual communication between combat personnel and various surface combat platforms. Elbit Systems has designed an offshore drone system ground control station that can control two drones simultaneously. The ground accusation station is installed in a motorized shelter and can work on the coast and is equipped with indoor operating equipment for offshore platforms.
"Hermes" 450 drone (Elbit system)
Source: "Weapons and Equipment Research Selected" International Defense Science and Technology Series (2015, No. 5, No. 15) The Management Research Center of China Electronics Science Research Institute compiled / picture from the original report or the Internet.
Part I: US Aircraft Research Report
Part II: Foreign AWACS Research Report
Foreign AWACS Research Report (1): Development History + Early Warning Aircraft Map
Foreign AWACS Research Report (II): US E-3 Series "Wanglou" Early Warning Aircraft
Disclaimer: Copyright belongs to the original author. The opinions of the article do not represent the position of this body.
Cylindrical lenses are only used to provide focusing ability in one part. Used to illuminate or detect light from a linear light source. It is also used for deformation and compression of beams and images. Especially widely used in LD (laser diode) output beam deformation compression. Cylindrical lenses and components are used in a wide range of industries. Some industrial sectors that often use cylindrical lenses are: industrial inspections. Examples include laser scanning optical metrology systems, laser alignment and inspection tools, and laser additive manufacturing and laser processing equipment. Semiconductor manufacturing. In the entertainment industry, cylindrical optical components are used in digital cinema cameras to compress widescreen images, making them suitable for standard 35mm film and digital/laser projectors to stretch and compress images so that they can be viewed normally when projected onto a widescreen. In life sciences and medicine, cylindrical lenses are used in various life science imaging and medical testing instruments.
Cylindrical Lens,Plano Convex Cylindrical Lens,Plano Concave Cylindrical Lens,Cylinder Lens
Zoolied Inc. , https://www.zoolied.com